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Term: Besançon

Taken by Julius Caesar in 58 BCE; Roman ruins here include an arch of Marcus Aurelius, aqueduct, and amphitheater. It became a free imperial city in 1184; French since 1674. Besançon was fortified by the engineer Vauban in the 17th century. It is a center for the watch and clock industries.

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Besançon, 1802 - 1885, Paris